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Marketing the Turkistan Islamic Party", "Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization in Central Asia A Compendium of Recent Jamestown Analysis", "China: The Best and the Worst Place to Be a Muslim Woman", "الماتريدية وآثارها في الفكر الإنساني بدول طريق الحرير.. الصين نموذجًا", "His brother, Ma Lin, went to Mecca and found common cause with the Muslim modernist movements in the Middle East, in contrast to Ma Fuxiang's Confucian – Google Search", "China mosque demolition sparks standoff in Ningxia", "Thousands of Muslims protest China's plans to demolish mosque in rare demonstration against government", "Bulldozing mosques: the latest tactic in China's war against Uighur culture", "Thousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report finds", "China: Nearly two-thirds of Xinjiang mosques damaged or demolished, new report shows", "Women lead Friday prayers at Denmark's first female-run mosque", "First Generation of Female Imams Emerges in W. China", "Full Text: Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang – Xinhua | English.news.cn", "Nabila Ramdani: While China harvests human organs, Britain stays silent to protect free trade", "China is killing religious and ethnic minorities and harvesting their organs, UN Human Rights Council told", "China putting minority Muslims in 'concentration camps,' U.S. says", "Muslim prisoners in China's Xinjiang concentration camps subjected to gang rape and medical experiments, former detainee says", "China Wants the World to Stay Silent on Muslim Camps. Uighurs say much more needs to be done", "U.S. Congress urges Trump administration to get tougher on China's Xinjiang crackdown", "Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of Chinese Muslim populations Dongxiang and Hui", "International Religious Freedom Report for 2011", "Exemptions in China's 'one-child policy' – iLook China", "China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)", "NW China region eyes global Muslim market", "bbc religion and ethics ISLAM Integration", "Ambassador Liu Xiaoming Holds On-line Press Conference on China–UK Relations", "China Cables: One mosque for every 530 Muslims in Xinjiang, says Beijing", "Charlie Hebdo Attack Shows Need for Press Limits, Xinhua Says", "Beijing jumps onto Paris attack to feed state propaganda machine", "Mind your language: how words are weaponised when discussing human rights and China", "U.N. says it has credible reports that China holds million Uighurs in secret camps", "Close encounters of in Inner-Asian kind: Tibetan–Muslim coexistence and conflict in Tibet, past and present", "Asia and the Americas, Volume 42, Issues 1–6" 1942, "编导：韩玲 (Director: Han Ling) 摄像：李斌 (Photography: Li Bin) (央视国际 (CCTV international)). [262] Some Hui criticize Uyghur separatism and generally do not want to get involved in conflict in other countries. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by individual ethnic groups at the beginning of 2019", Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года, "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001", "Kyrgyzstan Eats: A Dungan Feast in Naryn", "UNPO: East Turkestan: Strict Control of China's Uighur Muslims Continues", "Демографический ежегодник Кыргызской Республики: 2009-2013.-Б: Нацстатком Кырг. Auxiliary data. Quanzhou came under control of Amid ud-Din (Amiliding) and Saif ud-Din (Saifuding), two Persian military officials in 1357 as they revolted against the Mongols from 1357–1367 in southern Fujian and Quanzhou, leading the Persian garrison (Ispah) They fought for Fuzhou and Xinghua for 5 years. They also followed a policy of economic oppression which involved the destruction of mosques and Hui communities and made many Hui jobless and homeless. [citation needed], It is known that Admiral Zheng He (1371–1435) and his Muslim crews had made the journey to Mecca and performed the Hajj during one of the former's voyages to the western ocean between 1401–1433. [9][10] It is noted in other accounts that Wahab Abu Kabcha reached Canton by sea in 629 CE. [249] Wang recalled his experience teaching at madrassas in the provinces of Henan (Yu), Hebei (Ji), and Shandong (Lu) which were outside of the traditional stronghold of Muslim education in northwest China, and where the living conditions were poorer and the students had a much tougher time than the northwestern students. "In abandoning the Song cause, Pu Shougeng mobilized troops from the community of foreign residents,who massacred the Song emperor's relatives and Song loyalists.Pu Shougeng and his troops acted without the help of the Mongol army. They have elaborate and colorful observances of birthdays, weddings, and funerals. The Chinese during the Ming dynasty also tried to force foreigners like the Hui into marrying Chinese women. [275] Shia Chinese Muslims are mostly Ismailis, including Tajiks of the Tashkurgan and Sarikul areas of Xinjiang. [230], In May 2018, the western news media reported that hundreds of thousands of Muslims were being detained in massive extrajudicial internment camps in western Xinjiang. [242] The main mosque in Lhasa was burned down by Tibetans during the unrest. Hui Muslim Generals like Ma Fuxiang, Ma Hongkui, and Ma Bufang funded schools or sponsored students studying abroad. More than two-thirds of the Dungan also speak Russian and a small proportion can speak Kyrgyz or other languages belonging to the titular nationalities of the countries where they live. 2006. In the Kuomintang Islamic insurgency, Muslim Kuomintang National Revolutionary Army forces in Northwest China, in Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, as well as Yunnan, continued an unsuccessful insurgency against the communists from 1950 to 1958, after the general civil war was over. [114] The Manchu Emperor ordered that the Uyghur rebel town be massacred, the Qing forces enslaved all the Uyghur children and women and slaughtered the Uyghur men. "On the foothills of Mount Lingshan are the tombs of two of the four companions that Prophet Muhammad sent eastwards to preach Islam. The Yuanshih (Yuan dynasty official history) records that Pu Shougeng "abandoned the Song cause and rejected the emperor...by the end of the year, Quanzhou submitted to the Mongols. Sectarian fighting between Hui sects led to the Jahriyya rebellion in the 1780s and the 1895 revolt. Muslims served extensively in the National Revolutionary Army and reached positions of importance, like General Bai Chongxi, who became Defence Minister of the Republic of China. As recently as 1962, inter-ethnic marriage was reported to be anathema among Dungans.[53]. [229] Three decades later, the government was building "re-education" camps for interning Muslims without charge in Turpan. The Muslim rebels of the Persian garrison in Quanzhou lasted a decade by exploiting maritime trade and plunder. The Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou two times and failed to take it. It was written in the early 18th century during the Qing dynasty. emün-e-tü muji-dur čölegüljü sergeyilen sakiγči quyaγ-ud-tur boγul bolγ-a ). [288][289] The residents of Weizhou were alarmed each other by social media and finally stopped the mosque destruction by public demonstrations. As in all regions the Chinese Islamic architecture reflects the local architecture in its style. [270] Tibetan exiles and foreign scholars alike ignore this and do not talk about sectarian violence between Tibetan Buddhists and Muslims. These people settled in all provinces". Once, after he seized land from peasants in Dongchang (東昌), an official questioned him on his actions, but Lan Yu drove the official away in anger. [263] Hui and Uyghur live separately, attending different mosques. The Yuan dynasty started passing anti-Muslim and anti-Semu laws and getting rid of Semu Muslim privileges towards the end of the Yuan dynasty, in 1340 forcing them to follow Confucian principles in marriage regulations, in 1329 all foreign holy men including Muslims had tax exemptions revoked, in 1328 the position of Muslim Qadi was abolished after its powers were limited in 1311. [250] In 1931 China sent five students to study at Al-Azhar in Egypt, among them was Muhammad Ma Jian and they were the first Chinese to study at Al-Azhar. The Li family survived through philanthropy activities however they said that in the rebellion "great families scattered from their homes, which were burned by the soldiers, and few genealogies survived." Muslims headed many corporations in China in the early Yuan period. The era of Quanzhou as an international trading port of Asia ended as did the role of Muslims as merchant diaspora in Quanzhou. They were all judged according to the "five mutilating punishments" and then executed with their carcasses throwing into pig troughs. [149], Since the 1980s, Islamic private schools (Sino-Arabic schools (中阿學校)) have been supported and permitted by the Chinese government among Muslim areas, only specifically excluding Xinjiang from allowing these schools because of separatist sentiment there. just over 1–2% of the entire country's estimated population of 426,045,305. The Nine Wali Sanga who converted Java to Islam had Chinese names and originated from Chinese speaking Quanzhou Muslims who fled there in the 14th century around 1368. [154][155][156], Hui Muslims who are employed by the state are allowed to fast during Ramadan unlike Uyghurs in the same positions, the number of Huí going on Hajj was reported to be expanding in 2014 and Hui women are allowed to wear veils, while Uyghur women are discouraged from wearing them. Islam has been practiced in China for about 1,400 years. Additionally, Tibetan Muslims are officially classified along with the Tibetan people. [138] Ethnic Turkic Salar Muslims made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang.[139]. Chinese Muslim explorer and admiral, Zheng He. The Report states that “Individuals have been sent to the camps for wearing long beards, refusing alcohol, or other behaviors authorities deem to be signs of “religious extremism.” Former detainees report that they suffered torture, rape, sterilization, and other abuses. Muslims affiliated with the Kuomintang moved to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War. Scarfs were removed and replaced with hairnets by Muslim women in order to hide. [232][163][233][234][235] In August 2018, the United Nations said that credible reports had led it to estimate that up to a million Uighurs and other Muslims were being held in "something that resembles a massive internment camp that is shrouded in secrecy". Mosques in western China incorporate more of the elements seen in mosques in other parts of the world. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1937, there existed more than a hundred known Muslim periodicals. For Mongolia (then, part of the Qing Empire) he takes an arbitrary range of 50,000 to 100,000. * - Main goods are marked with red color . However, many Muslims like Ma Zhan'ao, Ma Anliang, Dong Fuxiang, Ma Qianling and Ma Julung defected to the Qing dynasty side and helped the Qing general Zuo Zongtang exterminate the Muslim rebels. [143] The Mongols, a minority in China, gave foreign immigrants, such as Christians, Muslims and Jews from West Asia an elevated status over the native Han Chinese as part of their governing strategy, thus giving Muslims a heavy influence. Chinese buildings may be built with bricks, but wooden structures are the most common; these are more capable of withstanding earthquakes, but are vulnerable to fire. Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Fires set by Tibetans which burned the apartments and shops of Muslims resulted in Muslim families being killed and wounded in the 2008 mid-March riots. Millions of real salary data collected from government and companies - annual starting salaries, average salaries, payscale by company, job title, and city. Chinese Muslim cuisine adheres strictly to the Islamic dietary rules with mutton and lamb being the predominant ingredient. Known as the "Holy Tombs," they house the companions Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ko-Shun—their Chinese names, of course. Riots broke out between Muslims and Tibetans over incidents such as bones in soups and prices of balloons and Tibetans accused Muslims of being cannibals who cooked humans in their soup and of contaminating food with urine. Violence subsided after 1949 under Communist Party repression but reignited as strictures were relaxed. The Qing rulers belonged to the Manchu, a minority in China. For religious reasons, while Hui people do not consider themselves Han and are not Han Chinese, they consider themselves part of the wider Chinese race and refer to themselves as Zhongyuanren. [167], From 2018 to 2020 the repression of non-Uyghur muslims intensified. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, China's 55 officially recognized minority peoples, Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, violent sectarian fighting between different Hui sects, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army), Demographics of the People's Republic of China, Proposed demolition of Weizhou Grand Mosque, Islam, Peace and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective, "China halts mosque demolition due to protest", "LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread", "LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Islam in China", "Gold and Silver Wares on the Belitung Shipwreck", "Xi'an Daxuexi Alley Mosque: Historical and Architectural Study", "Farrukh Travels Into the Muslim History of China – ارشيف اسلام اونلاين", "An Ancient Mosque in Ningbo, China "Historical and Architectural Study, "The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims", "此人屠殺三千宋朝皇族，死後被人挖墳鞭屍，朱元璋：家族永世為娼 原文網址：https://kknews.cc/history/xqx8g3q.html", "4 At the Intersection of Empire and World Trade: The Chinese Port City of Quanzhou (Zaitun), Eleventh-Fifteenth Centuries", "Part VIII Southeast Asia and the Far East 21 CHINA AND THE RISE OF ISLAM ON JAVA", "China's Islamic Communities Generate Local Histories | China Heritage Quarterly", "Eight The Ming Court and the Legacy of the Yuan Mongols", "CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. [144] During that time, the government also constantly accused Muslims and other religious groups of holding "superstitious beliefs" and promoting "anti-socialist trends". Lesser but significant populations reside in the regions of Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai. Similar organization formed in Beijing (1912), Shanghai (1925) and Jinan (1934). Since the 1940s, the language has been written in Cyrillic script, demonstrating that Chinese can be written with an alphabet (compare the pinyin system). Expatica is the international community’s online home away from home. In the first decade of the 20th century, it has been estimated that there were 20 million Muslims in China proper (that is, China excluding the regions of Mongolia and Xinjiang). Hatred between Tibetans and Muslims stems from events during the Muslim warlord Ma Bufang's rule in Qinghai such as Ngolok rebellions (1917–49) and the Sino-Tibetan War. SEN, TANSEN. Guangzhou, Ningbo and Quanzhou all had maritime trade offices but they were limited to specific areas. [299] China is alone with having the position of Imam held by women. [279] Briefly during the Cultural Revolution, Chinese Muslims were not allowed to attend the Hajj and only did so through Pakistan, but this policy was reversed in 1979. Western Chinese mosques were more likely to incorporate minarets and domes while eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like pagodas.[286]. Available at. Authorities said that the program was voluntary but Muslims who were interviewed by AP expressed concern that refusal to cooperate would lead to serious repercussions. Muslim Kuomintang officials in the Republic of China government supported the Chengda Teachers Academy, which helped usher in a new era of Islamic education in China, promoting nationalism and Chinese language among Muslims, and fully incorporating them into the main aspects of Chinese society. Zheng He's historian Ma Huan noticed the presence of these Muslim traders in Southeast Asia who had fled form China in his voyages in Barus in Sumatra, Trengganu on the Malayan peninsula, Brunei and Java. Their language also contains many loanwords from Arabic, Persian and Turkic. Instead, they follow traditional Chinese architecture. [47] Towards the end of the Yuan dynasty, corruption and persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined the Han Chinese in rebelling against the Mongols. It provides a blog engine and a framework for Web application development. After the Persian garrison full and the rebellion was crushed, the common people started a slaughter of the Pu family and all Muslims: All of the Western peoples were annihilated, with a number of foreigners with large noses mistakenly killed while for three days the gates were closed and the executions were carried out. When Central Asian invaders from Kokand invaded Kashgar, in a letter the Kokandi commander criticizes the Kashgari Turkic Muslim Ishaq for allegedly not behaving like a Turkic-origin Muslim and wanting to be a Zhongyuanren. A BBC report quoted an unnamed Chinese official as saying that "Uighurs enjoyed full rights" but also admitting that "those deceived by religious extremism... shall be assisted by resettlement and re-education". In the year 751, the Abbasid empire defeated the Tang Dynasty at the Battle of Talas, marking the end of Tang westward expansion and resulted in Muslim control of Transoxiana for the next 400 years. After death, the mullah and the aged assemble to recite prayers; the corpse is wrapped in white linen and then buried, but never burned. [55] Zhongyuanren was used generally by Turkic Muslims to refer to Han and Hui Chinese people. [6] However, individual members of traditionally Muslim groups may profess other religions or none at all. [36], At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asians to work as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to work as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara of Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. However, during the Ming Dynasty, new immigration to China from Muslim countries was restricted in an increasingly isolationist nation. List of MAC However, the efforts of the camps strongly intensified after a change of head for the region. On returning from the interment the mullah and the elders partake of bread and meat. He was appointed military commissioner for Fujian and Guangdong. The name Dungan is of obscure origin. [181] The 2000 census counts imply that there may be up to 20 million Muslims in China. Only some wealthy Manchus who were ransomed and Manchu females survived. There were specific areas that were known to be centers of Muslim wushu, such as Cang County in Hebei Province. [50][51], Around the late 19th century the bride price was between 240 and 400 rubles for Dungan women. [212], After the advent of Deng Xiaoping in 1979, Muslims enjoyed a period of liberalisation. Muslims live predominantly in the areas that border Central Asia, Tibet and Mongolia, i.e. [24] In 1070, the Song emperor Shenzong invited 5,300 Muslim men from Bukhara, to settle in China in order to create a buffer zone between the Chinese and the Liao empire in the northeast. "are of middle height, and inclined to be stout. [70] During the Rape of Nanking the Mosques in Nanjing were flowing with dead bodies after the Japanese slaughters. [117][118], The Muslim revolt in the northwest occurred due to violent and bloody infighting between Muslim groups, the Gedimu, Khafiya and Jahriyya. Sini is a Chinese Islamic calligraphic form for the Arabic script. In 1937, during the Battle of Beiping–Tianjin, the Chinese government received a telegram from Muslim General Ma Bufang of the Ma clique that he was prepared to bring the fight to the Japanese. Some Muslims fled by sea or land as they were persecuted by the locals and others tried to hide and lay low as depicted in the genealogies of Quanzhou Muslims despite the Ming emperors attempted to issue laws tolerating Islam in 1407 and 1368 and putting the notices in mosques. And like most Muslims form China, Wali Sanga Sunan Giri was Hanafi according to Stamford Raffles. During this period the Chinese government forced nearly all mosques in Ningxia and Henan to remove their domes and Arabic script. Uyghurs find it difficult to get passports to go on Hajj. Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.[49]. [240][241] In addition, Chinese-speaking Hui have problems with Tibetan Hui (the Tibetan speaking Kache minority of Muslims). New legislation gave all minorities the freedom to use their own spoken and written languages, to develop their own culture and education and to practice their religion. They included well known generals like Ma Anliang, Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang. [16], The early Tang dynasty had a cosmopolitan culture, with intensive contacts with Central Asia and significant communities of (originally non-Muslim) Central and Western Asian merchants resident in Chinese cities, which helped the introduction of Islam. A notable feature of some Muslim communities in China is the presence of female imams. [261] Some Uyghurs in Kashgar remember that the Hui army at the Battle of Kashgar (1934) massacred 2,000 to 8,000 Uyghurs, which causes tension as more Hui moved into Kashgar from other parts of China. Chinese Muslims now attend the Hajj in large numbers, typically in organized groups, with a record 10,700 Chinese Muslim pilgrims from all over the country making the Hajj in 2007.[280]. The Dungan are well known for their hospitality and hold many ceremonies and banquets to preserve their culture. [214], There are about 24,400 mosques in Xinjiang, an average of one mosque for every 530 Muslims, which is higher than the number of churches per Christian in England. Not only did these traders bring their goods, they also carried with them their culture and beliefs to East Asia. Ningbo's location on the central coast and at the end of the Canal was the motive of the mercantile development of the east coast of China. [52] Shaanxi Dungans are even conservative when marrying with other Dungans; they want only other Shaanxi Dungans marrying their daughters, while their sons are allowed to marry Gansu Dungan, Kirghiz, and Kazakh women. The Yuan dynasty's violent end saw repeated slaughters of Muslims until the Ming dynasty in 1368. [244] The Ministry of Education provided funds to the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation for Chinese Muslim's education. However, the Chinese were not the only ones to benefit from the cultural exchanges of the Silk Road. Hagras, Hamada (2017). Religious freedom is present for Hui Muslims, who can practice their religion, build Mosques, and have their children attend Mosques, while more controls are placed specifically on Uyghurs in Xinjiang. It is used extensively in mosques in Eastern China and to a lesser extent in Gansu, Ningxia and Shaanxi. published online at link: This page was last edited on 6 March 2021, at 02:32. [citation needed], Taking the Mongol Eurasian empire as a point of departure, the ethnogenesis of the Hui, or Sinophone Muslims, can also be charted through the emergence of distinctly Chinese Muslim traditions in architecture, food, epigraphy and Islamic written culture. [260] During the 2009 rioting in Xinjiang that killed around 200 people, “Kill the Han, kill the Hui.” is a common cry spread across social media among Uyghur extremists. He restricted official maritime trade in Quanzhou to Ryukyu and Guangzhou was to monopolize south sea trade in the 1370s and 1403–1474 after initial getting rid of the Office of Maritime Trade altogether in 1370. [286] The first mosque was the Great Mosque of Xian or the Xian Mosque, which was created in the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. Called "Master of the Four Religions" due to his knowledge of Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. [267] Heroin has been vended by Hui dealers. Many Hui Muslim civilians were killed by Uyghur rebellion troops in 1933 known as the Kizil massacre. [213] More Chinese Muslims than ever before were allowed to go on the Hajj. [238], On 31 August 2018, the United Nations committee called on the Chinese government to "end the practice of detention without lawful charge, trial and conviction", to release the detained persons, to provide specifics as to the number of interred individuals and the reasons for their detention, and to investigate the allegations of "racial, ethnic and ethno-religious profiling". In northwest China where the Chinese Hui have built their mosques, there is a combination of east and west. Frunze, 1988). Mongols recruited and forcibly relocated hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from Western and Central Asia to help them administer their rapidly expanding empire. [241]:19, In the two decades up to 2006, a wide range of Islamic educational opportunities were developed to meet the needs of China's Muslim population. It was said that the Muslim Dongxiang and Salar were given to "eating rations", a reference to military service. [30] There is also a mazaar of Imam Zafar Sadiq. [163][164], In August 2018, the authorities were vigorously pursuing the suppression of mosques, including their widespread destruction,[165] over Muslim protests. The other two companions went to Guangzhou and Yangzhou. [47], The Dungans have retained Chinese traditions which have disappeared in modern China. Riots broke out in March 2008 between Muslims and Tibetans over incidents such as suspected human bones in and deliberate contamination of soups served in Muslim-owned establishments and overpricing of balloons by Muslim vendors. Hui Muslims enjoy such freedoms, practising their religion, building Mosques at which their children attend, while Uyghurs in Xinjiang experienced strict controls. For example, the Chinese adopted much Islamic medical knowledge such as wound healing and urinalysis. [237], In response to the UN panel's finding of indefinite detention without due process, the Chinese government delegation officially conceded that it was engaging in widespread "resettlement and re-education" and State media described the controls in Xinjiang as "intense". [305] Some sources quoted in the article say “As far as I know, the Chinese government wants to delete Uighur identity from the world.”[158][306] The New York Times suggests that China has been successful in keeping countries quiet about the camps in Xinjiang due to its diplomatic and economic power, but when countries do decide to criticize the country, they do so in groups in hopes of lessening punishments from China. An April, 1996 agreement between Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, however, assures China of avoiding a military conflict. Maritime trade was regulated and implemented extremely differently in the Ming dynasty. Circumcision takes place on the eighth, ninth, or tenth day. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. The Hui Muslims of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries and the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing. A must-read for English-speaking expatriates and internationals across Europe, Expatica provides a tailored local news service and essential information on living, working, and moving to your country of choice. [302][303] Alongside the Uyghurs, other Muslim minorities have also been reported to be held in these re-education camps. In addition, some are involved in opium production. In China, Islam influenced technology, sciences, philosophy and the arts. 48, December 1835. It can refer to any type of Chinese Islamic calligraphy, but is commonly used to refer to one with thick and tapered effects, much like Chinese calligraphy. Some genealogies of Muslims like the Li family show debate over teaching Confucian culture and classics like Odes and History or to practice Islam.

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