is armenia a second world country

History One of the world's oldest civilizations, Armenia once included Mount Ararat, which biblical tradition identifies as the mountain that Noah's ark rested on after the flood. Geographically, Armenia is in a confusing location. The Orbelian Dynasty shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the House of Hasan-Jalalyan controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh. This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on 24 May 1916. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell to the Safavid Empire. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The term “Second World country” is a term used during the Cold War to refer to the industrial socialist states under the influence of the Soviet Union. After Soviet agreements to include the Syunik Province in Armenia's borders, the rebellion ended and the Red Army took control of the region on 13 July. Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani (Armanum, Armi) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme (Shupria). Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. (2004). Reporters Without Borders. The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina ( ). Armenia is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO). [citation needed]. There is evidence of an early civilisation in Armenia in the Bronze Age and earlier, dating to about 4000 BC. Some modern researchers have placed it in the same general area of Arme, near modern Samsat,[37] and have suggested it was populated, at least partially, by an early Indo-European-speaking people. China is a developing country today and is part of BRICS. The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք (Hayk’); however, it is currently rarely used. Հայաստանեայց, բացառ. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region. The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The agreement further develops cooperation in economic, trade and political areas, aims to improve investment climate, and is designed to bring Armenian law gradually closer to the EU acquis.[140][141][142]. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. A literacy rate of 100% was reported as early as 1960. Armenia ranked 63rd out of 180 countries on Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in 2018. There is a Jewish community in Armenia diminished to 750 persons since independence with most emigrants leaving for Israel. The fauna is rich; the abundant birdlife includes the mountain turkey, horned lark, and bearded vulture, while the mountains also harbour the bezoar goat and the mountain sheep, or mouflon. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Instruments like the duduk, dhol, zurna, and kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. A History of the Ancient Near East: c. 3000-323BC. 4. [36] These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. After nearly 100 years of hostility between Turkey and Armenia over the murder of between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians at the hands of Ottoman Turks during World War I, the two countries agreed in Oct. 2009 to establish diplomatic relations and reopen the border between them. The film was premiered in Cairo on 13 March 1913.[216]. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Winter is particularly inclement on the elevated, windswept plateaus. Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2004. p. 74 by Imogen Gladman. [17] Armenia lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and meridians 43° and 47° E. It contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Caucasus mixed forests and Eastern Anatolian montane steppe. Peaceful protests in Armenia supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in Azerbaijan, such as the one in Sumgait, which was followed by anti-Azerbaijani violence in Armenia. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. [21] The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century. It is the southernmost of the Caucasus states, situated in southern Caucasus Mountains and their lowlands between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, and northeast of the Armenian Highlands. [133][134][135][136] The Government of Armenia, however, has joined the Eurasian Customs Union[137] and the Eurasian Economic Union. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century,[70] Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. The portion of Armenia lying within the former Russian Empire declared independence on May 28, 1918, but in 1920 it was invaded by forces from Turkey and Soviet Russia. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. According to the current Constitution of Armenia, the President is the head of state holding largely representational functions, while the Prime Minister is the head of government and exercises executive power. [217], Armenia has also been very successful in chess, winning the World Champion in 2011 and the World Chess Olympiad on three occasions.[220]. The Armenian constitution adhered to the model of a semi-presidential republic until April 2018. Football is also popular in Armenia. The presence of Armenians in Anatolia is documented since the sixth century BCE, almost a millennium prior to the Turkic migrations to the area. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and Persian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. The largest Armenian communities outside of Armenia can be found in Russia, France, Iran, the United States, Georgia, Syria, Lebanon, Australia, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Poland, Ukraine and Brazil. [15] It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor under a Russian peacekeeping force,[16] and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.[17]. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic. Its roots go back to the 1st century AD, when it was founded by two of Jesus' twelve apostles – Thaddaeus and Bartholomew – who preached Christianity in Armenia between AD 40–60. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. The climate in Armenia is markedly highland continental. However, the first Armenian film with Armenian subject called "Haykakan Sinema" was produced earlier in 1912 in Cairo by Armenian-Egyptian publisher Vahan Zartarian. It maintains good relations with the United States especially through its Armenian diaspora. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. [108], Armenia has a territorial area of 29,743 square kilometres (11,484 sq mi). The Constitutional Court made references to the preamble of the protocols underlying three main issues. Armenia declared sovereignty on August 23, 1990, and independence on September 23, 1991. [171] Higher education in Armenia is harmonized with the Bologna process and the European Higher Education Area. The movement used the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the rightful government of Turkey, replacing the monarchy based in Istanbul with a republic based in Ankara. Arminiya lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Abbasid Caliphate under Ashot I of Armenia. [86][87], The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Ancient Armenia was subjected to constant foreign incursions, finally losing its autonomy in the 14th century ce. Winter sports enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hills of Tsakhkadzor, located thirty minutes outside Yerevan. Armenia covers an area of 29,743 sq. During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighbouring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. Armenia is subject to damaging earthquakes. Located in Western Asia,[107][15] on the Armenian Highlands, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor which is a part of Lachin District that is under the control of a Russian peacekeeping force and Azerbaijan proper to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Armenia supports the de facto independent Artsakh, which was proclaimed in 1991. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. Armenia is a developing country and ranks 81st on the Human Development Index (2018). The First Republic's short-lived independence was fraught with war, territorial disputes, and a mass influx of refugees from Ottoman Armenia, bringing with them disease and starvation. [72][73] This period is known as Russian Armenia. [citation needed], A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is an emerging democracy and as of 2011[update] was negotiating with the European Union to become an associate partner. The Second World War pitted two alliances against each other, the Axis powers and the Allied powers; the Soviet Union serving 35 million, the U.S having served 16 million, Germany serving 13 million, and Japan serving 6 million men. Armenia has universal suffrage above the age of eighteen. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Legislative power is vested in the Azgayin Zhoghov or National Assembly, which is a unicameral parliament. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region. Finally, the alpine tundra, with its scant cushion plants, covers only limited mountain areas and solitary peaks. In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. The Armenian Premier League is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recent seasons. Therefore, the best time to visit the country is April and may. [49][50][51][52][53][54] The Nairi confederation and its successor, Urartu, successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highlands. [179] In the past years emigration levels have declined and some population growth is observed since 2012. While Armenia is geographically located in the South Caucasus, it is generally considered geopolitically European. In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which itself was a branch of the Parthian Empire. [171] Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students. This is unsurprising, seeing as Armenia was the first nation in the world to adopt Christianity as an official religion in 301 AD. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled with secular policies of USSR. Roma.[218]. Settlements are classified as either towns (kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages (gyugher, singular gyugh). From 1604, Abbas I of Iran implemented a "scorched earth" policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any invading Ottoman forces, a policy that involved a forced resettlement of masses of Armenians outside of their homelands.[71]. Almost every country in the world participated in World War II.Most were neutral at the beginning, but only relatively few nations remained neutral to the end. That dispute, discussed below, is the reason the border between these two countries is closed. [99][161], In the 2019 report (data for 2017) of Economic Freedom of the World published by Fraser Institute Armenia ranks 27th (classified most free) out of 162 economies. However, more adults (50%) think that English should be taught in public secondary schools than those who prefer Russian (44%). Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World. Armenia's long history as a crossroads of the ancient world has resulted in a landscape with innumerable fascinating archaeological sites to explore. 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Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenia is rich in springs and wells, some of which possess medicinal properties. The animal kingdom is represented by the Syrian bear, wildcat, lynx, and squirrel. Because of this, the mountain is present on the Armenian national emblem today.[111][112][113]. All but the most spectacular remain virtually undiscovered, allowing visitors to view churches and fortresses in their original settings. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilising the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. Updates? [171] In the 1990–91 school year, the estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students. [67] To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II of Armenia, King of Ani, an Armenian named Ruben I, Prince of Armenia, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. In January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia may enter the EU in the future. [88], Armenia was not the scene of any battles in World War II. Armenian Cilicia. They start at elevations of 4,300 to 4,600 feet, and in the northeast they ascend to 6,200 to 6,600 feet. Under the Bagratuni dynasty, the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century. The pomegranate, with its symbolic association with fertility, represents the nation. Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting. Gallup also found that the stress level is fairly low in Armenia, though not the most stress-free in the former Soviet world. In 2005, a cycling centre was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. [146], Armenia has recorded an unprecedented progress in the 2019 World Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, improving its position by 19 points and ranking 61st on the list. Improve the management system for science and technology and create the requisite conditions for sustainable development; Involve more young, talented people in education and research, while upgrading research infrastructure; Create the requisite conditions for the development of an integrated national innovation system; and. Summer, except in high-elevation areas, is long and hot, the average June and August temperature in the plain being 77° F (25° C); sometimes it rises to uncomfortable levels. Oak forests predominate in the southeastern regions, where the climate is drier, and in the lower part of the forest zone hackberry, pistachio, honeysuckle, and dogwood grow. After incessant invasions, each bringing destruction to the country, with time Armenia became weakened. [86][87] With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars.

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