lower indus plain of pakistan

Islamabad, 30 September — UNESCO Islamabad in partnership with Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), and in collaboration with The Asia Foundation, theUnited States Agency for International Development and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) launched two reports; the UN World Water Development Report 2020, and PCRWR’s Groundwater Investigations and Mapping in the Lower Indus Plain… It is similar to an interfluve. The lower plain of Indus is composed of Sindh in the south of which Punjab, in the west Kirthar range and the desert of Rajputana is spread in the east. The Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. The plain is the western part of the Northern Plain in Pakistan formed by the Indus River and its tributaries. The coastal strip in the South has a moderate climate. Due to the cool breeze blowing from the sea, in an area of about 80 km of the coast is moderate throughout the year. Rainfall during the months December-March increases northwards and westwards. Winter: • In winter, a high-pressure area is created as the pressure increases gradually on the land of north-west Pakistan. Section of the Sukkur Barrage irrigation project, on the Indus River, Pakistan. Hydrology of Lower Indus Plain • Only river Indus flows. In the plains annual average ranges from 16 centimeters in the northern parts of lower Indus plain to 120 centimeters in the Himalayan region. Sindh, Ravi River, Chenab River, Jhelum River, and Sutlej River, originate from the Himalayas mountain range. Adjoining the active floodplain is the meander floodplain, which occupies higher ground away from the river and is littered with bars, oxbow lakes, extinct channels, and levees. The plain is extensively farmed for wheat, rice sugarcane and Cotton. The intent was to build a large artificial waterway roughly east of and parallel to the Indus to carry salt water from the plains of Punjab and Sind (Sindh) provinces to the Arabian Sea coast in the Badin region of southeastern Sind. Peshawar and Rawalpindi are the largest cities of Punjab and major manufacturing centres. The gradient of the streams is comparatively steep, the floodplains are narrow, and the right bank of the Indus sometimes rises just above the main channel. Reverine land. Some relatively weaker winds originate from the arabain sea to cause some rain in the Indus Delta & Lower parts of the lower Indus plain. This plain is very fertile. The zone is characterized by numerous rivulets, which have produced a broken topography in parts of the zone. Pakistan is divided in three main geographic regions Northern high lands (contain peaks like K2) Indus River Plains (one of the world’s most fertile plains) Balochistan Plateau (contains Gawadar Port, future economic corridor to South Asia) The doabs that lie to the east of it, however, constitute the richest agricultural lands in the country. The final segment of the LBOD consisted of building a “tidal drain” 26 miles (42 km) to the sea. None of these. Coastal areas of Pakistan form the lower Indus plain. … The water of Sindh is unsuitable for drinking and is most vulnerable to contamination [8] by arsenic. The plains of the Indus valley are extremely hot in summer with a cold and dry weather in winter. These streams remain dry except in the rainy season, when they swell into gushing streams with considerable erosive power. https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-Plain. The main source of groundwater in Pakistan The quality of the groundwater in the UIPA varies widely. It is a level alluvial plain and is very fertile but rainfall is scanty so agricultural activities are limited. In the lower plain the Indus River has a Nilotic character; i.e., it forms a single large river with no significant tributaries. The Indus Plain extends principally along the eastern side of the river, and the Excellency Mr. Fawad Hussain, Federal Minister for Science and Technology Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, Chairman, PCRWR The land usually is low lying and near to the river. Temperature Key 1. Except for the micro relief, the plain is featureless. Western Pakistan, Iran, and Arabia remain dry (probably because…, The Indus River plain is a vast expanse of fertile land, covering about 200,000 square miles (518,000 square km), with a gentle slope from the Himalayan piedmont in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south. The micro relief is quite similar to that of the upper Indus plain. It is divided in Punjab and Sindh. In the North of sindh many canals have been dug due to which good crops are produced. 5. The upper Indus Basin includes Punjab; the lower Indus Basin begins Some geographers designate Plateau as to the west of the imaginary southwest line; and the Indus Plain lies to the east of that line. In the south the Indus delta (in marked contrast to the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta) is a wild waste. It includes the most part of Sindh Province. The Himalayan piedmont, or the sub-Shiwalik zone, is a narrow strip of land where the rivers enter into the plain from their mountain stage, thereby giving each a somewhat steeper gradient. Sindh plain. The plateau region of West Pakistan is roughly coextensive with Baluchistan province. The Lower Indus Plain includes most of the Sindh province. The average gradient of the…. Jacobabad, located in the lower Indus Plain is known as the ‘thermal pole’ of the sub-continent the maximum temperature reaches 53 C in June. Flooding is a perennial problem, especially along the Indus, as a consequence of heavy rains (usually in July and August). The upper Indus plain consists of three subdivisions: the Himalayan piedmont, the doabs, and the Sulaiman piedmont (referred to locally as the Derajat). In the North of sindh many canals have been dug due to which good crops are produced. The major part of the lower Indus plain is: Thal desert. The tidal drain issue was further complicated by instances of severe weather in the coastal region, including a destructive tropical cyclone in 1999 and torrential rains there and in Balochistan in 2007—both of which caused many deaths and forced the evacuation of tens of thousands of people. On the other hand, the upper tropospheric easterlies become stronger and constitute a true easterly jet stream. This area has been inhabited by … These hills are considered to be the outliers of the Aravali Range of India. Seamed with numerous streams and wadis, the surface is undulating. is Indus Plainwhich is underlain by huge, continuous, The areas in the upper parts of the Indus Plain which It is still lower in the Potwar Plateau, the cis-Indus plains, and the hilly areas. Except for the micro relief, the plain is featureless. The Sindh Province coversanareaofabout140,915km2 andsamplingwascarried out in about 91% of the total area (excluding Kashmore, Ghotki, and … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. 5. The coastal strip in the South has a moderate climate. In the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, R. S. McGregor defines it as from Persian do-āb (دوآب, literally "two [bodies] of water") "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers (esp. In the Lower Indus region such as southern Sindh, the aquifer is a plenteous resource of freshwater within a depth of 50 m, and below this depth, the water is saline. The generally level surface of this section of the plain is broken into small pockets in Chiniot and at Sangla Hill, near the much denuded Kirana Hills, which stand out in jagged pinnacles. The average gradient of the slope is no more than 1 foot per mile (1 metre per 5 km). The coast of the Arabian Sea borders southern parts of Sindh Province and the city of Karachi. It is the scene of changing river channels, though protective bunds (levees) have been built at many places on the outer margin of the bet to contain the river water in the rainy season. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In an attempt to correct this problem, the Pakistan government, with the financial support of such international agencies as the World Bank, constructed the Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) in the 1980s and ’90s. The region in the south of Mizhan Kot to the Arabian Sea is called the lower Indus Plain. Until the advent of irrigation, at the end of the 19th century, much of the area was a desolate waste, because of the low amount of precipitation. 2. All the rivers of Pakistan, i.e. Home 9th Matric Notes Class IX Pakistan Studies Plains of Pakistan by Asad Hussain-December 12, 2020 0 Comments. The Indus river dolphin (Platanista minor) is one of the world's rarest mammal and most endangered cetaceans.Only about 1,000 of this unique species exist today in the lower reaches of the Indus River in Pakistan. This area has been inhabited by agricultural civilizations for at least 5,000 years. An active floodplain (known locally as a khaddar or bet), which lies adjacent to a river, is often called “the summer bed of rivers,” as it is inundated almost every rainy season. The Indus delta has its apex near Thatta, below which distributaries of the river spread out to form the deltaic plain. Over the middle and lower Indus Plain it is 1 inch or less, in the upper Indus Plain it ranges from 3-5 inches, and … The valley of the Indus and its banks have risen higher than the surrounding land as a result of the aggradational work of the river; and though the river is lined with flood-protecting bunds along its course, the alluvial sands and clays of the soil tend to give way before floods, leading the river to change course frequently. The Lower Indus Plain This plain includes the area from Mithankot (junction of river indus and it’d eastern tributaries) to Thatta. 4. The plains of Pakistan include coastal area, upper and lower Indus plain, the Balochistan Plateau, Salt Range and Potwar Plateau. The average gradient of the… It has long summers and mild to cool winters and in summer temperature ranges between 30-40 Celsius. Although all the food crops are grown here but wheat and rice amongst the food crops and cotton amongst the cash crops are the main. Question 4 of 20. The doabs between the various rivers display similar micro relief, which comprises four distinct landforms—active floodplains, meander floodplains, cover floodplains, and scalloped interfluves. • River Indus flows into the Arabian Sea south of Thatta through its distributaries which flow across the delta. Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. The level surface of the plain is disturbed at Sukkur and Hyderabad, where there are random outcroppings of limestone. 4 | P a g e (b) Compare the natural topographical and drainage features of the Upper Indus Plain with those of the Lower Indus Plain. The coastal tract is low and flat, except where the Pabbi Hills meet the coast between Karachi and Ras Muari (Cape Monze). There is a general deficiency of rainfall. temperature, has three main river basins: Indus, Kharan and Mekran. There is a general deficiency of rainfall. The northwest areas of the … Manchhar, a marshy lake west of the Indus, has an area of 14 square miles (36 square km) at low water but extends for no less than 200 square miles (500 square km) when full; on such occasions it is one of the largest freshwater lakes in South Asia. important and valuable natural resource in many countries System known as Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS). When high tides and Indus floods coincide, the littoral is flooded for some 20 miles (30 km) inland. However, instead of draining salt water away, the improperly designed tidal drain produced an environmental disaster in southeastern Sind: large portions of the land and freshwater lakes and ponds were flooded by salt water, crops were ruined, and freshwater fisheries were destroyed. To the southeast of that point is the Rann of Kachchh (Kutch), which is an expanse of saline marsh. 3. Water pollution, poaching and habitat fragmentation due to dams and irrigation systems are all threatening the dolphin's survival. of the World. The lower Indus plain, the course of which goes through Sind province, is flat, with a gradient as slight as 1 foot per 3 miles (1 metre per 10 km). tutes the lower Indus plain of Pakistan. Lower Indus Plain and Coastal Area. The scalloped interfluves, or bars, are the central, higher parts of the doab, with old alluvium of relatively uniform texture. The plain narrows to form a corridor near Mithankot, where the Sulaiman Range comes close to the plain and the Indus merges with its last major tributary, the Panjnad River (which is itself merely the confluence of the five Punjab rivers). The Indus plain aquifer is one of the richest aquifers in terms of groundwater resources. Summer in the lower Indus The Indus valley Plain is a flat landform in Pakistan, built up over centuries by sediment.Most of it lies within the PUNJAB province. The Indus River plain is a vast expanse of fertile land, covering about 200,000 square miles (518,000 square km), with a gentle slope from the Himalayan piedmont in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south. The boundaries of the scalloped features are formed by river-cut scarps at places over 20 feet (6 metres) high. 40 C and above Very hot 2. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. It includes the most part of Sindh Province. The Indus River plain is a vast expanse of fertile land, covering about 200,000 square miles (518,000 square km), with a gentle slope from the Himalayan piedmont in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south. Sindh Doaab. Extensive areas in both the northern and southern zones of the plain have been affected by waterlogging and salinity. • Width of the River Indus is 1.6km • River Indus is in lower course • Deposition is the main function of the River Indus. The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometres, and all of Pakistan's major rivers—the Kabul, Jhelum, and Chenab—flow into it. Cover flood plain. The Muslim League and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Political decline and bureaucratic ascendancy, The first administration of Benazir Bhutto, The second administration of Benazir Bhutto, The second administration of Nawaz Sharif, Continuing challenges: conflict, a stalled economy, and nuclear tests, Growing unrest, tension with the military, and Sharif’s ouster, Relations with the United States, consolidation of Musharraf’s rule, and meetings with India, U.S. drone strikes, floods of 2010, and religious tensions. The Sulaiman piedmont is different from the Himalayan piedmont in that it is generally dry. Doab (English: / ˈ d oʊ ɑː b /) is a term used in South Asia for the tract of land lying between two confluent rivers. The upper Indus plain is drained by the Indus together with its tributaries, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, forming a developed system of interfluves, known locally as doabs, in Punjab province (Persian panj āb, “five waters,” in reference to the five rivers). The micro relief is quite similar to that of the upper Indus plain. The plains of the Indus valley are extremely hot in summer with a cold and dry weather in winter. In Pakistan: The Indus River plain The Indus River plain is a vast expanse of fertile land, covering about 200,000 square miles (518,000 square km), with a gentle slope from the Himalayan piedmont in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.

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